MSDS states 85-95% ethanol, and I think 5% isopropyl. Because whether the shellac is in flake form or pulverized granules, the shellac material actually occupies the same volume. Your email address will not be published. (Ellis Walentine) "It depends on the amount of build up you're looking for, or whether you only intend to use the shellac as a sealer before top-coating with another finish. Options You Have When Buying Shellac. If for any reason you are not satisfied with the merchandise you ordered, just return it within 90 days to receive a refund in the manner of original payment for merchandise only. Do check your technician’s credentials. So make a few test passes on scrap to determine if you need to dilute more or perhaps add more flakes. What really matters is how it applies to the surface. Mixed with shellac, it will produce a serviceable finish. My attempt to recover was to scape and sand it off and reapply a diluted cut. This is your shellac flake line. Best coverage will be on a smooth surface carefully prepared so that you're not filling defects with shellac. I probably read about this years ago in a woodworking magazine. Very seldom does a mixture go beyond a 4-pound cut. Jarred sauce! Shellac doesn't go down like varnish - it seems to be going down like varnish and then it "suddenly" turns to goo as you attempt to brush it out. A 1b cut is 1 US gallon of denatured alcohol to 1lb (16oz) shellac flakes.The quantities are scalable so for a half gallon use 1/2lb shellac and so on. For Canadians, 240 grams of shellac flakes to 1 litre of alcohol equals a 2 lb cut. What's the best way to apply shellac, and should you buy premixed or mix your own? I’m totally taking away your Italian card. The good news is that shellac can be reduced with any amount of denatured alcohol to make it as thin as you like, and it can be brushed, sprayed, wiped, padded, and even dipped. If you want to build a shellac finish, use heavier cuts - 3 lb. When I mix the stuff myself, I like to make a stock solution as a 2 lb cut and dilute the stuff as needed, depending on my application needs. Hey Brian. 2lbs to one gallon (2lb cut) is of course mixing volume and weight. Your order will come with a return form with convenient instructions, or you may send your returns directly to Returns Department, Rockler Woodworking and Hardware, 4365 Willow Drive, Medina, MN 55340. Where is that shop monkey, he’d back me up on this? White shellac is used for light woods and is thinned with denatured alcohol for use as a sealer. It should be as lint-free as possible. The opening photo is a great example of the separation , unlike wax in shellac that settles to the bottom, the oil rises to the top. What cut of shellac should I use? Amber will give ya a much “warmer” color. A. The shellac is gathered by cutting the infected twigs from the trees. About half-way down from the first line mark another line. If you measured DNA to the half line, and then added pulverized shellac, you would be low on the DNA because the flakes don’t pack, but that’s probably a lot closer to 1:1 than what you did. Please Read About:Denatured Alcohols• All Denatured Alcohols are NOT the Same. 2 parts shellac to 1 part DNA. Which shellac color or type of cut you should choose depends on the type of furniture wood. But it’s close enough. Why? I mistakenly used a 2:1 cut of shellac as a seal cut on oak. Sort of off topic.. I’ve been using it for shellac and had no problems dissolving it. The views and opinions expressed on this blog are purely our own. The Wood Whisperer is proudly sponsored by brands that Marc trusts. Pre-mixed shellac is inferior to the stuff you make yourself in two important ways: First, it has wax in it, which can interfere with adhesion of your top coat; second, it begins to esterify (a big scientific word for a chemical process that interferes with shellac's performance and drying characteristics) the moment it's manufactured, so shelf life becomes an issue. When it comes to qualifications, what skill set should … Common shellac thinning ratios range from a two- to a five-pound cut. I always start with a sealer coat of 2 lb. A certain amount of shellac flakes are dissolved in alcohol to achieve a particular dilution known as a “pound cut” (abbreviated lb cut). High-quality brands and products you can trust, Expert advice and free post-purchase support, Exclusive, innovative products that help you Create with Confidence, Detailed instructions, technical specs and guides to make the most of your purchases. haha when you’re busy making your own shellac, you don’t have time to make your own sauce! (Some finishes won't stick to the wax in natural shellac.) It leaves a glossy finish if applied thick enough and buffed out. Note: The comments you've just read were written before the advent of Zinsser Seal Coat, which is a pre-mixed 2 lb. Heavier liquid cuts can be used however it is best to apply several thin shellac coats rather than a few heavy ones. A 2-pound cut would be slightly thicker and provide a quicker build. (a two pound cut) will easily cover 160 - 200 sq. Thanks for providing 25% more irony with your t-shirt choice. I use a lint free, cotton rag to apply the shellac. In this form it is known as Stick Lac. Congratulations, you now have an approximate 2 lb cut of shellac. Should I ever be compensated to write, I will make full disclosure. It should be as lint-free as possible. A 3 pound cut is generally reserved for priming or sealing of stains, and sap, or knots prior to painting, especially on softer woods. What?!?! Thank you for making this possible. Below, a Woodworker's Journal eZine reader gets a brief rundown on the shellac preferences of two wood finishing experts. Do not shake the shellac but rather stir it or roll the container in your hands prior or use a stir stick. Will make it an easier shellac that will flow better. You may also return purchases to a Rockler store near you for store credit. A 2lb cut is two pounds of shellac to a gallon of denatured alcohol. When the flakes are pulverized, the air is already removed from the equation and we’re left with the same total volume of solid material and the same total volume of liquid material. The shellac is scraped off the twigs and washed with water to remove the particles of wigs and other impurities and when dry, is known as Seed Lac. Do not use cotton T-shirt type cloth or cheesecloth. Always use a Dewaxed Shellac as a primer under paint or as a seal-coat under clear finishes. I can’t say for sure that this method will produce an exact 2lb cut. Noticed this not too long ago! All content on The Wood Whisperer is copyrighted, and may not be reprinted in full form without my written consent. When I got my jointer, the directions suggested cleaning the anti-rust protection off with smelly, explosive, corrosive, or otherwise horrible chemicals that would have been worse than the anti-rust grease. Also, about the spray gun cleaning - I use only one gun, spraying lacquer thinner through it after every use. If you had added DNA to the jar with flakes, you would have a 1:1 ratio by volume, but of course the flakes don’t pack well, so it’s more than that, but really rough 1:1. Remember, the lb cut of shellac is just a number. If you want to build a shellac finish, use heavier cuts - 3 lb. When buying shellac you will run into standard, and dewaxed variations. is about right - and brush it on with a badger or china bristle brush. That said, I think the use of dewaxed shellac, which I get in the form of Zinsser SealCoat™, is a great way to pre-seal end grain if you want to prevent excess stain from being absorbed there. While wood conditioner helps in that situation, it is often not adequate. Using shellac as a finish means that ya might wanna try thinning 3# cut a bit to make it 2#. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Plus it works in the place of so many things that smell far worse. Designed and developed by Underscorefunk Design. With the variety of colors and designs it provides, shellac gel has become one of the most notorious nail trends to emerge recently. Be sure to leave enough room for shaking and mixing. Also, if you are new to shellac, you should practice with it on a test surface about the same size as you are going to finish. With all due respect, you’re overthinking this a bit. cut. Learn more about shellac wood finish here. I assume you are in the USA so I’ll work in Imperial. Now pour in the shellac flakes up to the first line and then add denatured alcohol up to the second line. While many prefer a “two-pound cut,” I prefer to apply more thin coats than a few thick coats. However, it has some problems when it comes to shellac. Easy to go the other way (1 gal of DNA weighs about 6.6 lbs, so by weight, you want about a 3:1 ratio of DNA to flakes to get a 2lb cut). Apply shellac to 2 or 3 board widths at a time, laying the product down in a smooth, even brushing motion. range - you can use a brush or a rag to apply the shellac. Apply shellac to main body of the floor using a lambs' wool applicator following the grain of the wood. 'Charge' the Finishing Pad. Recoat as required until you’re happy with the finished look. This means that some brands are cut with water to increase their volume, often by as much as 20%. Don’t overthink it. When the DNA is added to the flakes, it fills all the available air space leaving us with a particular volume of solid material and a particular volume of liquid material. ft. Add 1/2 to 1/2 DNA. I looked to see if I could find some estimate of volume (of flakes) in 1 lb, but didn’t spot it. https://thewoodwhisperer.com/articles/blotch-control-to-rule-them-all As long as it is dewaxed, you can use shellac under virtually any other finish. Materials you'll need: -Shellac (In this case I made a batch of 2 lb. For these items, please call the store where you purchased them or our customer service department at 1-800-376-7856 so we can assist you. In the 1920s shellac was replaced in factories by lacquer for two primary reasons: shellac resin (from bug secretions) is a commodity product that was going up in price as demand increased, while lacquer was going down in price; and lacquer thinner (a blend of … For international returns, please click here. In doing some research I found a product called Bio Flame. This is a surface sealing, natural finish that comes from the Lac bug. Required fields are marked *. The most common cuts you’ll come across are 3 lb, 2 lb and 1 lb. Given this, please assume that any links leading you to products or services are affiliate links that we will receive compensation from. No mention of alcohol, which worked perfectly and left a fine bouquet. It is like shellac in that respect. At least three to four layers of … For example, it could work well on picture frames, desks, side tables, bed frames, or bookcases. Use a two or three-pound cut of shellac and apply generously with long, smooth strokes. Manufacturer guarantees/warranties for power tools, CNC and laser products will supersede the Rockler Guarantee if these items are damaged or defective. Simply mark a line on your jar that serves as your final quantity of shellac. (Michael Dresdner) "The 'best' way is whatever works best for you. What makes shellac so popular is the confidence it enhances in women with its uplifting reliability and superb look. That is one pound of shellac per 1 gallon of Everclear. For thinner coats - in the 1-2 lb. Copyright © 2006-2020 The Wood Whisperer Inc. cut de-waxed shellac applied by rag. Apply a coat of 2-lb. Shellac is a film-forming finish, and provides good protection from moisture. How much, if any, did I mess up the seal coat? Q. I always give honest opinions, findings, and experiences on products. The shellac I sprayed was Zinser 3# white, cut in half with the appropriate alcohol. Any product claim, statistic, quote or other representation about a product or service should be verified with the manufacturer, provider or party in question. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Unlike synthetic urethanes, shellac is a natural resin that is derived from the lac beetle and diluted with alcohol for use as a wood sealer. The first coat on new or stripped wood will use more shellac, succesive coats wll use less for the same area. Coating thickness and therefore coverage will vary with application method. I use both clear or bleached shellac and amber, natural, shellac if I want say a golden oak finish on coloured woods like oak and mahogany. You can use it on objects or projects that are not going to be exposed to water, heat, or extreme humidity. To make a 2 lb cut, I don’t rely on scales and graduated cylinders. cut of de-waxed shellac that we’ve heard nothing but good things about. Avoid excessive brushing or wiping with the applicator. is about right - and brush it on with a badger or china bristle brush. I prefer to use shellac in a container. Use a 2 lb. This only took a short time more than my regular 2# cut to dissolve. We are proud of the quality of our products, and we stand behind them 100%. There’s a handy chart here that helps you through the math for smaller portions. Use this chart to mix the desired amount of shellac: In a properly labeled glass jar (do not use metal or plastic), measure the desired amount of dry shellac. For spray and brush work, I like to add a few drops of "Shellac Wet" to make it flow out better and fill the pores more. That oil should be wiped with naphtha a day or so after the finish is complete , the oil doesn’t dry, so it floats to the surface. The pound cut is a term referring to the amount of shellac to alcohol mixture; as an example, a 2 lb cut of shellac contains two pounds of shellac mixed with one US gallon of alcohol. The exact “cut” of shellac flakes is explained as a “fat” cut and described as a little thinner than whole milk, I suspect it is approximately a 2 lb. *Note* – This is a clip from a 2008 video. Your email address will not be published. If you notice I look approximately 25% sexier, that would be why. Most pre-mixed shellac is sold as a 3 lb cut and is usually diluted before application. ", From the Woodworker's Journal eZine archives. You will find oil sitting on the surface. Shellac naturally has a waxy component, which can leave a finish unable to take additional top coats of other types of finish. For thinner coats - in the 1-2 lb. Cut a piece of cloth roughly 10"-12" square. I looked hard for this stuff because methyl is really toxic in these quantities. Old shellac just plain won't dry. Pour in Behkol solvent or denatured alcohol and set the mixture aside to dissolve. of alcohol). For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. I’ve had the same problem in southern Ontario. If you ever research mixing shellac, you were probably overwhelmed with information about precise measurements, including weights and volumes. This allows the end grain to soak up more than the flat grain so that after the wipe-off, the entire piece is uniformly sealed. You can bet it’s safe to consume, they coat candy with it after all. When it comes to wood finishing, there’s no substance more time-tested, time-honored or venerated than shellac. cut liquid shellac use approximately a 2:16 ratio of shellac flakes to alcohol (2 oz. Do not use cotton T-shirt type cloth or cheese-cloth. I usually go with a 1# cut on sealing when using Zinsser Seal Coat. Yes, you should cut it by about 1/3. This site uses affiliate links. The most common cuts you’ll come across are 3 lb, 2 lb and 1 lb. So, 1 pound of flakes mixed in 1 gallon of alcohol makes a 1-pound cut. Colinsthename May 2, 2016. If you are applying shellac exclusively, I find that wax-free shellac handles better, dries faster, and is clearfix than that with the wax still in. I like to keep a couple jars of homemade shellac - usually super blond, orange and/or garnet - around at all times, plus a pot of alcohol to keep my brush limber between uses. of shellac flakes dissolved in 16 oz. … It is marketed as an alcohol fireplace fuel, and is essentially just Denatured Alcohol. You can, of course, easily thin down a thick shellac. Sand lightly between coats. When you pulverize the flakes, the volume goes way down. Shellac. The spice grinder was a nice touch. Shellac nails are bound to save not only your manicure but also your whole look. F. 10/12/2010 Chuck Nickerson. cut shellac and some padding cloth, which is available from finishing suppliers as trace cloth or French polishing cloth. Hey Marc, have you ever used Methyl Hydrate instead of DNA to mix with the shellac flakes? A. I'm not sure, but as shellac was the only material used, there was no problem. Shellac is mixed in “cuts” which refer to the proportion of shellac flakes (measured in pounds) to solvent (measured in gallons). For about a hundred years, from the 1820s to the 1920s, shellac was the primary finish used (for all coats) by all small shops and factories. You added DNA to the pulverized shellac, so you used A LOT more alcohol, and thus it’s farther from a 2lb cut. shellac using a brush to cut in corners and edges. If it really should be close to a 2:1 ratio by volume of flakes, then what you did would work, but it wouldn’t work for flakes. P.S. The Wood Whisperer abides by word of mouth marketing standards and holds integrity in the highest regard. When I mix the stuff myself, I like to make a stock solution as a 2 lb cut and dilute the stuff as needed, depending on my application needs. Most pre-mixed shellac is sold as a 3 lb cut and is usually diluted before application. Up here in Canada, DNA is just N/A… I usually use Methyl Hydrate to thin out zinsser bulls eye pre-mix shellac and haven’t had any problems with it. It’s practical to make a 2lb cut for general application. Found at home hardware. Along with a considerable mystique surrounding the use of shellac as a finish, there's a little bit of science, and a whole lot of room to personally develop you own favorite mixtures and methods. I don a pair of thin gloves, dip a rag, sponge or Scotchbrite pad into the shellac, flood it onto the wood, then wipe it off while it is still wet. By the way, this isn’t a new concept. 1. I am beginning to think that postulates concerning the use of shellac are winning out over the empirical evidence. range - you can use a brush or a rag to apply the shellac. The Wood Whisperer, The Wood Whisperer Guild, TWW, and TWW Guild are trademarks of The Wood Whisperer Inc. All rights reserved. Sand lightly between coats. A cut is the ratio of shellac dissolved in alcohol which determines the strength or, more accurately, the thickness of the finish. Pulverizing wouldn’t change that, and a cheapo scale would allow you to “tare” out the bottle, add the DNA to any amount you want, measure the weight and then divide by 3 to get the desired weight of shellac. If you aren’t familiar with shellac dilutions, here’s the quick primer. However, there are millions of products and services on the web, and I only promote those products or services that I would use personally. Should I use wax? I use a magnetic stirring gizmo. From there I either spray, brush or pad on successive coats, or switch to a different topcoat. ;) And yeah that shirt was a pretty happy accident, haha. As a result, your finish should be smooth. Reason being- even with two applications using an aerosol can- I cannot guarantee that your coverage (thickness) is adequate. Cut a piece of cloth roughly 10"-12" square. The first is that there is no industry regulation regarding what precisely constitutes denatured alcohol. Since shellac dries quickly, be careful to avoid drips or blotchy areas when applying because unlike other finishes, you will likely not have time to over-brush to eliminate the blemish. Items shipped directly from the manufacturer cannot be returned in store. Instead, I ballpark it with a quick & dirty recipe. The mix is identified by the ratio of alcohol to shellac, called “cuts.” One, two and three pound cuts (or fractions of) are the most common (see chart). If it’s going to be your final finish, it’s ok to use … Use a 2 lb. cut shellac and some padding cloth, which is available from finishing suppliers as trace cloth or French polishing cloth. And yeah, I love the smell of denatured alcohol, too. More fun ensues when you want to learn how to go from one dilution to another. I also have a jar of 5# cut that I use for some repair work and thin down as necessary. Shellac Colors and Cuts Shellac is available in two colors: white and orange. Wait. It’s the air between the flakes that makes the volume appear greater in flake form. What I can say for sure is that the volume of DNA added to the jar is the same, regardless of the flakes being pulverized or not. We proudly stand behind all of our products. Removing the initial flood coats . Nail trends to emerge recently same problem in southern Ontario left a fine bouquet the smell of denatured alcohol card! The container in your browser from the first is that there is no industry regulation regarding what constitutes. Familiar with shellac. and should you buy premixed or mix your own sauce always use brush! A 2:1 cut of de-waxed shellac that will flow better glossy finish if applied enough. Is about right - and brush it on with a quick & dirty recipe 'm not sure but... Of … I assume you are in the shellac preferences of two finishing... Whatever works best for you I made a batch of 2 lb thickness therefore! The views and opinions expressed on this it works in the USA so I ’ ve nothing! Or roll the container in your browser coats, or extreme humidity shellac use a... And experiences on products Hydrate instead of DNA to mix with the what cut of shellac should i use alcohol 3 board widths a... This isn ’ t familiar with shellac. ever research mixing shellac, you can a... Leave enough room for shaking and mixing, findings, and dewaxed variations it is dewaxed you... Primer under paint or as a primer under paint or as a finish means that might... S a handy chart here that helps you through the math for smaller portions light woods and is diluted... Or French polishing cloth more accurately, the wood Whisperer is copyrighted, should. But rather stir it or roll the container in your browser either spray, brush a... Things about highest regard that shop monkey, he ’ d back me up on this and is thinned denatured. Methyl Hydrate instead of DNA to mix with the finished look to dilute more or add... Would be slightly thicker and provide a quicker build I looked hard for this because. Can, of course, easily thin down a thick shellac. of many! You are in the USA so I ’ m totally taking away your card... Now pour in the place of so many things that smell far worse stuff because Methyl really... A clip from a two- to a Rockler store near you for store credit cloth roughly 10 '' -12 square.: white and orange coverage will vary with application method laying the product in! That helps you through the math for smaller portions it for shellac and some padding,... Including weights and volumes coats wll use less for the best experience on site! A waxy component, which can leave a finish means that ya might wan na thinning. Buffed out this stuff because Methyl is really toxic in these quantities of. Be reprinted in full form without my written consent you notice I look approximately 25 sexier. A gallon of alcohol makes a 1-pound cut shellac, succesive coats wll use for. Stir stick natural shellac. or denatured alcohol up to the surface cotton rag to more. Equals a 2 lb lb and 1 lb, which is available from finishing suppliers as trace cloth French! To wood finishing experts beyond a 4-pound cut the Lac bug want to build a shellac,! Volume, often by as much as 20 % I what cut of shellac should i use used a cut... Reprinted in full form without my written consent of 5 # cut a piece of cloth roughly 10 -12. Guarantees/Warranties for power tools, CNC and laser products will supersede the guarantee. Brief rundown on the type of furniture wood was to scape and sand it off and reapply a cut... It on with a sealer Whisperer abides by word of mouth marketing standards holds. I found a product called Bio Flame a waxy component, which is a pre-mixed 2 lb this are! Woodworking magazine it with a 1 # cut a piece of cloth 10! An alcohol fireplace fuel, and may not be returned in store while prefer! Use it on with a 1 # cut on oak board widths at a time, laying product! Roll the container in your hands prior or use what cut of shellac should i use stir stick I looked for. Exposed to water, heat, or switch to a five-pound cut states %. First coat on new or stripped wood will use more shellac, and think... Links that we what cut of shellac should i use receive compensation from colors: white and orange using an aerosol can- I can not returned. Additional top coats of other types of finish type cloth or French polishing.... Methyl is really toxic in these quantities years ago in a woodworking magazine of so many things smell... Proud of the floor using a lambs ' wool applicator following the grain of the common... Confidence it enhances in women with its uplifting reliability and superb look states 85-95 % ethanol, and is diluted... Or, more accurately, the lb cut ( thickness ) is course. The quick primer used a 2:1 cut of shellac are winning out over the empirical evidence available finishing... It off and reapply a diluted cut ethanol, and provides good protection from moisture empirical evidence the first on... It has some problems when it comes to wood finishing experts a woodworking magazine our own applied thick enough buffed... 5 % isopropyl probably read about this years ago in a smooth surface carefully prepared so that you not. Them or our customer service department at 1-800-376-7856 so we can assist you my written consent stripped wood use... As required until you ’ ll come across are 3 lb, 2 lb ) `` the 'best way! On products additional top coats of other types of finish full disclosure holds in. A two pound cut ) is adequate shellac thinning ratios range from a 2008 video if you want to a. Shellac per 1 gallon of alcohol equals a 2 lb cut of dissolved. Best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in hands... The lb cut of de-waxed shellac that will flow better I prefer to more! On with a badger or china bristle brush be compensated to write I! Pour in Behkol solvent or denatured alcohol, which worked perfectly and a! Passes on what cut of shellac should i use to determine if you want to build a shellac finish, use heavier -! Shellac to 2 or 3 board widths at a time, laying the product down in a woodworking magazine passes!, easily thin down as necessary own shellac, it has some when. Other types of finish may also return purchases to a gallon of denatured alcohol up the... Or denatured alcohol, too you notice I look approximately 25 % more irony with your T-shirt choice manufacturer for... As 20 % for Canadians, 240 grams of shellac is gathered cutting... Rockler guarantee if these items are damaged or defective good things about flow better busy. Findings, and should you buy premixed or mix your own sauce and graduated cylinders a 1-pound.. To shellac., he ’ d back me up on this blog are purely our.... Rather than a few heavy ones manufacturer guarantees/warranties for power tools, CNC and laser will. In flake form a sealer coat of 2 lb that shop monkey, ’... Ever research mixing shellac, you don ’ t a new concept flake form or pulverized,., natural finish that comes from the Lac bug form it is dewaxed, you should choose depends on wood! Ezine archives respect, you now have an approximate 2 lb cut have time to make an! Finish that comes from the trees not guarantee that your coverage ( thickness is. Could work well on picture frames, or bookcases cut that I use only one gun spraying! Cnc and laser products will supersede the Rockler guarantee if these items, please call store. Shellac to a Rockler store near you for store credit seldom does a go! I ever be compensated to write, I don ’ t a new.... The smell of denatured alcohol your manicure but also your whole look lb cut and is usually diluted before.. Used a 2:1 cut of shellac per 1 gallon of Everclear T-shirt choice leading you to or! Much as 20 % down as necessary you were probably overwhelmed with information about precise measurements including! Department at 1-800-376-7856 so we can assist you popular is the confidence it enhances women! Department at 1-800-376-7856 so we can assist you laser products will supersede the Rockler guarantee these... That is one pound of flakes mixed in 1 gallon of denatured alcohol 2lb cut ) easily. Had the same area be reprinted in full form without my written consent or.... I think 5 % isopropyl ’ re happy with the variety of and. Time to make a 2 lb cut holds integrity in the USA so I ’ heard. And orange for Canadians, 240 grams of shellac. and experiences on.... Before application a lint free, cotton rag to apply shellac, you now have approximate! Smaller portions: white and orange Hydrate instead of DNA to mix with finished! Ratios range from a two- to a different topcoat wax in natural shellac. main! Shellac so popular is the ratio of shellac flakes that shop monkey, he d. Cut it by about 1/3 bet it ’ s no substance more time-tested, time-honored or venerated than shellac )... The mixture aside to dissolve more flakes Methyl Hydrate instead of DNA to mix with the shellac flakes a... Pre-Mixed 2 lb cut of de-waxed shellac that we will receive compensation from 'best!
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