He wanted his reign to be a happy one and dreamed of great and necessary reforms. When he declined, she chose Frédéric-César La Harpe, a Swiss citizen, a republican by conviction, and an excellent educator. Nicknamed the Russian Sphinx because of his restrained nature and outward aloofness, Alexander suffered under the weight of the crime of patricide, in which he was tangentially involved, for virtually his entire adult life. Instance hypernyms: czar; tsar; tzar (a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Alexander was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress. At home, Alexander started another wave of reforms. Their principal achievement was the initiation of a vast plan for public education, which involved the formation of many schools of different types, institutions for training teachers, and the founding of three new universities. We can help. Because he would become emperor one day, Alexander was taught many different subjects. He took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance (1815), and took part in the conferences that followed. There, Pavel had created a ridiculous little kingdom where he devoted himself to military exercises and parades. The Empress saw in her grandson the future ideal monarch and an heir to continue her many programs and plans. Aleksandr Pavlovich was the first child of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (later Paul I) and Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna, a princess of Württemberg-Montbéliard. The sudden death of Alexander I, in November 1825 on a trip away from Moscow, plunged Russia’s monarchy into turmoil. Alexander succeeded to the throne at the age of 36, following the death of his father in February 1855, at the height of the Crimean War. To some extent, he was, of course, the representative of forces — intellectual, economic, and political — that were stronger than himself or, indeed, any single individual. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. Logo of the Russian Academy of Sciences #4 He introduced the system of Table of Ranks to do away with hereditary nobility. Navigate St. Petersburg’s dining scene and find restaurants to remember. A plan to abolish serfdom was prepared and a constitution drafted. Died: March 13, 1881 in Saint Petersburg, Russia; Key Accomplishments: Alexander II earned a reputation for reform and a willingness to bring Russia into the modern world. He was handsome – he had the classic profile of his grandmother – […] In the autumn of 1825 the Emperor sailed to the south of Russia due to the increasing illness of his wife. Soon after his birth on December 23, 1777, Alexander was taken from his father, Paul I of Russia, by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, who utterly disliked Paul and did not want him to have any influence on the future emperor. Sept. 17, 2020. During his trip he caught a cold which developed into typhus from which he died in the southern city of Taganrog on 19 November (O.S. Paul I’s reign was a dark period for Russia. Tsar Alexander I became increasingly suspicious of those around him, especially after an attempt was made to kidnap him when he was on his way to the conference in Aachen, Germany. Alexander II, Emperor of Russia. He was close to his parents and had five younger brothers and sisters. The precocious marriage had been arranged to guarantee descendants to the Romanov dynasty, and it was unhappy from the beginning. His full given name was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov. Alexander I, son of Paul I, became Tsar of Russia in 1801. Its avowed purpose was to frame “good laws, which are the source of the well-being of the Nation.”. The King of Poland (also Grand Duke of Lithuania), Alexander I, was forced to surrender several towns to Russia as a result of two wars. Alexander, who knew of it, did not dare to disclose the manifesto, and Pavel became emperor. The sweet and charming girl who became Yelisaveta Alekseyevna was loved by everyone except her husband. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. His reign was marked by numerous decrees that were resented by the populace, as well as quickly shifting alliances in foreign affairs. As a result, he ascended to the Russian imperial throne in Nennal. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. He was the son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia, the youngest son of Nicholas I of Russia, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna (Cecily of Baden). 1 Biography; Study Pack. See more ideas about imperial russia, maria feodorovna, romanov dynasty. Born: St. Petersburg, 12 (23) December 1777Died: Taganrog, 19 November (1 December) 1825Reigned: 1801-1825. He was handsome, strong, pleasant, humane, and full of enthusiasm. The Alexander Palace was loaned to Nicholas by his older brother and they made it into their principal residence outside St ... his death he was an exhausted, broken man. Synonyms: Aleksandr Pavlovich; Alexander I; Czar Alexander I. Alexander I, emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. Alexander became tsar the next day. All rights reserved. Paul was 46 years old when he was assassinated in St. Petersburg on March 23, 1801. The emancipation of the serfs is the most notable reform undertaken by Alexander II of Russia during his reign. Aug 23, 2019 - Explore fanny jones's board "Czar Alexander 1", followed by 184 people on Pinterest. Alexander greatest achievement was his victory over Napoleon, who had attacked Russia in 1812, and marched with his Grande Armée from France to Moscow, but was then expelled from Russia and later defeated by a coalition of allies, Russia among them. Sales trends: 10 ways to prepare for the future of sales; Sept. 16, 2020. Blog. Moreover, he was a visionary who could not transform his dreams into reality. Since he was a political conservative, his reign was known for geographical expansion, suppression of disagreement, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars. In 1722, Peter the Great introduced the system of Table of Ranks, a formal list of ranks in Russia’s military, government, and royal court.The establishment of the Table of Ranks was a direct blow to the power of the existing hereditary nobility, or Boyars. 4 pages. Since he was the eldest son of the Tsar, Nicholas was heir to the throne of Russia. Corrections? Alexander was born in Tiflis, in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Georgia). Alexander received his military training there under the direction of a tough and rigid officer, Aleksey Arakcheyev, who was faithfully attached to him and whom Alexander loved throughout his life. He was a reformer but also a defender of the traditional laws and customs of Russia. Alexander’s education was not continued after he was 16, when his grandmother married him to Princess Louise of Baden-Durlach, who was 14, in 1793. Alexander II, like his uncle Alexander I before him (who was educated by a Swiss republican tutor, a follower of Rousseau), was to turn into a "liberalizing," or at any rate humanitarian, autocrat. The plotters had let him in on the secret, assuring him they would not kill his father but would only demand his abdication. The Alexander I of Russia Study Pack contains: Biographies (1) Alexander, I 912 words, approx. His grandmother, the reigning Empress Catherine II (the Great), took him from his parents and raised him herself to prepare him to succeed her. On March 13, 1881 Alexander’s father, Alexander II, was assassinated by members of the terrorist organization Narodnaya Volya. The monarch’s tyrannical and bizarre behaviour led to a plot against him by certain nobles and military men, and he was assassinated during the night of March 23 (March 11, Old Style), 1801. Let our meeting and events experts help you organize a superb event in St. Petersburg. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He was the son of Paul I and Sophie of Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna), and the grandson of Catherine II. Need tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? Alexander issued an imperial manifesto on April 29, 1881, which ended the constitutional reforms of his father and proclaimed the absolute power of the emperor. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A friend and disciple of the philosophers of the French Enlightenment, Catherine invited Denis Diderot, the encyclopaedist, to become Alexander’s private tutor. His wife died a few months later as the emperor's body was transp… He was mostly known as "Sandro". The Emancipation Edict freed 23 million serfs and improved the state of life for an additional 30 million peasants, and has been described as "the greatest social movement since the French Revolution". Alexander issued a ukase (1818) directing the election of three deputies from among the Jews, who should reside in St. Petersburg, and be empowered to bring all Jewish affairs before the government. Alexander I of Russia was a famous Emperor of Russia, who was born on December 23, 1777. The Russian honorific "czar"—sometimes spelled "tsar"—derives from none other than Julius Caesar, who predated the Russian Empire by 1,500 years.Equivalent to a king or an emperor, the czar was the autocratic, all-powerful ruler of Russia, an institution that … Paul I of Russia was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on October 1, 1754. He also took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) and drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance (1815). But soon his views changed. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. Over the course of a number of diplomatic congresses, victorious Russia played an impressive role in determining the political restructuring of post-Napoleonic Europe. In 1825, Alexander died unexpectedly, far from home during a voyage through south Russia in the city of Taganrog. Get our help and advice choosing services and options to plan a prefect train journey. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 27 May 1883. People born on December 23 fall under the Zodiac sign of … Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-I-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander I, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander I, Alexander I - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Updates? Alexander as a young man Alexander II, the oldest son of Emperor Nicholas I (1796–1855), was born in Moscow, Russia, on April 17, 1818. Nevertheless, despite the humanitarian ideas inculcated in him by La Harpe and despite his own wish to make his people happy, Alexander lacked the energy necessary to carry out the most urgent reform, the abolition of serfdom. His greatest legacy was the freeing of Russian serfs in 1861. Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 in Szczecin – 17 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was Empress of All Russia from 1762 until 1796—the country's longest-ruling female leader. Back to school tips for parents supporting home learners Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nicholas I was the emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his autocratic and orthodox policies. Alexander I (1777-1825) was emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825. As was the case with his father Paul, Alexander was taken from his parents immediately after birth by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, who had him brought up among her Court, away from his mother and father. Some sources allege that she created the plan to remove Paul from succession altogether. Alexander greatest achievement was his victory over Napoleon, who had attacked Russia in 1812, and marched with his Grande Armée from France to Moscow, but was then expelled from Russia and later defeated by a coalition of allies, Russia among them. Nicholas II was born the son of the Russian Tsar Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Serfdom was a continuing burden on the Russians. Russian officers returning from their European campaigns brought with them ideas of freedom and wanted modernisation. Author of. With four friends, who were of noble families but motivated by liberal ideas—Prince Adam Czartoryski, Count Pavel Stroganov, Count Viktor Kochubey, and Nikolay Novosiltsev—he formed the Private Committee (Neglasny Komitet). )/ 1 December 1825. The institution of serfdom was, in the tsar’s own words, “a degradation” that kept Russia in a disastrously backward state. Alexander’s political ideal was a nation containing only one nationality, one language, one religion, and one form of administration; and he did his utmost to prepare for the realization of this ideal by imposing the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, by fostering Orthodoxy at the expense of other confessions, by persecuting the Jews, and by destroying the … Get around in comfort with a chauffeured car or van to suit your budget and requirements. She was determined to disinherit her own son, Pavel, who repelled her by his instability. Alexander believed them or, at least, wished to believe that all would go well. Grand Duke Alexander, the oldest son of Pavel I and his wife Maria Fyodorovna, and heir to the throne, remains one of the most enigmatic figures in the Romanov Dynasty. But to liberate the serfs, who composed three-quarters of the population, would arouse the hostility of their noble masters, who did not want to lose the slaves on whom their wealth and comfort depended. Omissions? Ascending the throne, Alexander's first manifesto promised that he would govern the country according to the principles of his grandmother, Catherine the Great. Alexander tried to instate a rule of law based on government apparatus, under which the social class structure, the relationship of the classes with each other and with the higher powers, and the activities of all administrative bodies were guaranteed by fundamental laws of state that proceeded from an enlightened monarch. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. As a person born on this date, Alexander I of Russia is listed in our database as the 16th most popular celebrity for the day (December 23). Because of his unstable personality, he would become intoxicated by the notion of grand projects, while balking at carrying them out. Both sides tried to use Alexander for their own purposes and he was torn emotionally between his grandmothe… Alexander ascended to the throne as a result of a brutal palace coup, in which his supporters murdered his father, Paul I. Alexander was aware of the coup, but was convinced that Paul would simply be ousted from the throne, and that his life would be spared. Catherine had already written the manifesto that deprived her son of his rights and designated her grandson as the heir to the throne, when she died suddenly on November 17 (November 6, Old Style), 1796. Under the leadership of Mikhail Speransky, Russian legislation was systemized and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire compiled. The army swore allegiance to Constantine. Alexander and his close advisers corrected many of the injustices of the preceding reign and made many administrative improvements. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia—died December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. He was sidelined for years by his mother, Catherine II, before finally becoming emperor in 1796, after her death. Alexander's importance lies chiefly in his efforts to assist Russia's emergence from the past. Alexander received an excellent education: when selecting his tutors, the Empress Catherine consulted with the best minds of the time, in particular with the French Enlightenment philosopher Denis Diderot. Plans were drafted for the phased abolition of serfdom, but were not actually implemented, and only the Law on Free Cultivators was published, which allowed the nobles to voluntarily liberate their serfs and grant them land. Very nice biography of a Tsar who started wishing to drastically cut expenses for the army and invest the money in reforming the state and ended up defeating Napoleon. The culmination of the reign of Alexander I: Marshal Marmont hands over the keys of Paris to the Russian Emperor. As an adolescent, Alexander was allowed to visit his father at Gatchina, on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, away from the court. (1777-1825), Russian Tsar 1801-1825 Alexander I was born in St. Petersburg on 23 December, 1777 and died at Taganrog on 1 December, 1825. Alexander the Great served as king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. He inspired deep affection in his pupil and permanently shaped his flexible and open mind. Out of a sincere desire to innovate, Alexander considered a constitution and “the limitation of the autocracy,” but he recoiled before the danger of imposing sudden change on a nobility that rejected it. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But much of the nobility opposed Alexander’s plans – the Czar backed down. Writer, translator, book reviewer, and historian. Copyright © 2001-2021 ZAO "SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM". Finally, the “Western” theoretical education of Alexander and his young friends had not prepared them for gaining a clear vision of the realities of Russian life. Catherine prepared her grandson to become heir to the throne, and planned to transfer power directly to him, bypassing his father, her estranged son, Paul. After the darkness into which Paul had plunged Russia, Alexander appeared to his subjects as a radiant dawn. The suddenness and mysteriousness of his death, as well as the memory of those tragic events that brought him to power in 1801, resulted in a persistent folk legend according to which Alexander did not die, but went to live in seclusion as a hermit monk, no longer able to endure the sin of patricide. Alexander reformed the state administration, creating in 1801 a system of ministries under the direction of a Cabinet of Ministers, and established a legislative advisory body, the State Council, in 1810. Biography: Where did Nicholas II grow up? Having no support, Nicholas was prepared to give up power but Constantine didn’t want to rule either. It prevented modernization of the country, which was at least a century behind the rest of Europe. A number of diplomatic congresses, victorious Russia played an impressive role in determining political. Petersburg, 12 ( 23 ) December 1777Died: Taganrog, 19 November ( 1 ) Alexander, was... 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