Nuclear reactions also follow conservation laws, and they are balanced in two ways: If the atomic number and the mass number of all but one of the particles in a nuclear reaction are known, we can identify the particle by balancing the reaction. The n:p ratio increases, and the daughter nuclide lies closer to the band of stability than did the parent nuclide. Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) Different Types of Decay and Changes in Atomic and Mass Numbers. When a nuclear reaction occurs, the total mass (number) and the total charge remain unchanged. Solution Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state (or a low-lying isomer) of very proton-rich nuclei, … A gamma ray is emitted simultaneously with the beta particle. Positron emission or beta plus decay (β + decay) is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (ν e). Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes, 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics, 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Chapter 18. Neutron-proton transverse emission ratios in the c.m. 3) The way it is written above is the usual way. Unlike α-emission, which simply expels some of the existing subatomic particles from the nucleus, β-emission also involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton and an electron. In most instances, the atom changes its identity to become a new element. (b) An α particle is one product of natural radioactivity and is the nucleus of a helium atom. Complete each of the following equations by adding the missing species: Complete each of the following equations: Write a balanced equation for each of the following nuclear reactions: The mass of the atom [latex]_9^{19}\text{F}[/latex] is 18.99840 amu. (a) [latex]_7^{14}\text{N}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_8^{17}\text{O}\;+\;_1^1\text{H};[/latex] (b) [latex]_7^{14}\text{N}\;+\;_0^1\text{n}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_6^{14}\text{N}\;+\;_1^1\text{H};[/latex] (c) [latex]_{90}^{232}\text{Th}\;+\;_0^1\text{n}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{90}^{233}\text{Th};[/latex] (d) [latex]_{92}^{238}\text{U}\;+\;_1^2\text{H}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{92}^{239}\text{U}\;+\;_1^1\text{H}[/latex], 7. By the end of this section, you will be able to: [latex]_{-1}^0\text{e}\;+\;_{+1}^0\text{e}\;{\longrightarrow}\;{\gamma}\;+\;{\gamma}[/latex], [latex]_{12}^{25}\text{Mg}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_1^1\text{H}\;+\;_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}\text{X}[/latex], [latex]25\;+\;4 = \text{A}\;+\;1,\;\text{or}\;\text{A} = 28[/latex], [latex]12\;+\;2 = \text{Z}\;+\;1,\;\text{and}\;\text{Z} = 13[/latex], [latex]_{84}^{212}\text{Po}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{82}^{208}\text{Pb}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}[/latex], [latex]_7^{14}\text{N}\;+\;_2^4{\alpha}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_8^{17}\text{O}\;+\;_1^1\text{H}[/latex], [latex]_4^9\text{Be}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_6^{12}\text{C}\;+\;_0^1\text{n}[/latex], [latex]_1^2\text{H}\;+\;_{42}^{97}\text{Mo}\;{\longrightarrow}\;2_0^1\text{n}\;+\;_{43}^{97}\text{Tc}[/latex], [latex]_{92}^{235}\text{U}\;+\;_0^1\text{n}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{35}^{87}\text{Br}\;+\;_{57}^{146}\text{La}\;+\;3_0^1\text{n}[/latex], Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions. n → p + e-In nuclear equations for beta emission, the electron is written as either b-, or b, −1e 0. Next lesson. Beta \(\left( \beta \right)\) decay is a more complicated process. }\;+\;_1^1\text{H}[/latex], (d) [latex]_{92}^{235}\text{U}\;{\longrightarrow}\;\text{? Usually the emission is not written with atomic number and weight indicated since it is a common particle whose properties should be memorized. This requires an assumption that the proton has an attractive (F1) and repelling force (F2) as described by the pentaquark structure of the proton. A typical beta decay process involves carbon-14, often used in radioactive dating techniques. Unlike the \(\alpha\)-emission, which simply expels a particle, the \(\beta\)-emission involves the transformation of a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and an electron. It involves the release of a positron. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state (or a low-lying isomer) of very proton-rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay. To describe a nuclear reaction, we use an equation that identifies the nuclides involved in the reaction, their mass numbers and atomic numbers, and the other particles involved in the reaction. In electron capture, an electron from an inner orbital is captured by the nucleus of the atom and combined with a proton to form a neutron. Because the sum of the mass numbers of the reactants must equal the sum of the mass numbers of the products: Check the periodic table: The element with nuclear charge = +13 is aluminum. Write the nuclear equation that represents the radioactive decay of boron-12 by beta particle emission and identify the daughter isotope. The carbon-14 nucleus is unstable, it's radioactive, it's going to undergo spontaneous decay. Example: Proton and Neutron Decay Source: JANIS (Java-based Nuclear Data Information Software); The JEFF-3.1.1 Nuclear Data Library. Beta Emission. What are gamma rays? 2) The order of the nuclides on the right-hand side can be in any order. The sum of the mass numbers of the reactants equals the sum of the mass numbers of the products. For atoms with multiple electrons, this formula begins to break down and give incorrect results. }\;+\;_{38}^{98}\text{Sr}\;+\;4_0^1\text{n}[/latex], (a) the production of 17O from 14N by α particle bombardment, (b) the production of 14C from 14N by neutron bombardment, (c) the production of 233Th from 232Th by neutron bombardment, (d) the production of 239U from 238U by [latex]_1^2\text{H}[/latex] bombardment. The electron is then ejected from the nucleus. A) 0.528 amu B) 3.507 amu C) 0.564 amu D) 1.056 amu E) 0.079 amu Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Var: 1 Page Ref: 19.8 73) Calculate the mass defect in Mo-96 if the mass of a Mo-96 nucleus is 95.962 amu. (e) Gamma rays compose electromagnetic radiation of high energy and short wavelength. The most common are protons, neutrons, alpha particles, beta particles, positrons, and gamma rays, as shown in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). For example, when a positron and an electron collide, both are annihilated and two gamma ray photons are created: As seen in the chapter discussing light and electromagnetic radiation, gamma rays compose short wavelength, high-energy electromagnetic radiation and are (much) more energetic than better-known X-rays that can behave as particles in the wave-particle duality sense. Positrons ([latex]_{+1}^0\text{e}[/latex], also represented by the symbol [latex]_{+1}^0{\beta}[/latex]) are positively charged electrons (“anti-electrons”). Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows how we can identify a nuclide by balancing the nuclear reaction. Positron emission changes the atomic number by minus one (the nucleus loses a proton) but the mass number remains unchanged. This type of isotope may just "settle", with a shifting of particles in the nucleus. Legal. }\;{\longrightarrow}\;2_2^4\text{He}[/latex], (b) [latex]_6^{14}\text{C}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_7^{14}\text{N}\;+\;\text{? }[/latex], if 100.0 g of carbon reacts, what volume of nitrogen gas (N. Radon has an atomic number of 86, so the parent isotope is represented as \[_{86}^{222}\textrm{Rn} \nonumber\]. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) A Summary of the Names, Symbols, Representations, and Descriptions of the Most Common Particles in Nuclear Reactions. Carbon-11, potassium-40, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, and iodine-121 all undergo positron decay. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus. Answers to Chemistry End of Chapter Exercises. 3. [8] for the two systems— 124Sn Sn ( 0:19) and 112Sn 112Sn ( 0:11). The most common are protons, neutrons, positrons (which are positively charged electrons), alpha (α) particles (which are high-energy helium nuclei), beta (β) particles (which are high-energy electrons), and gamma (γ) rays (which compose high-energy electromagnetic radiation). The nuclide [latex]_{53}^{125}\text{I}[/latex] combines with an electron and produces a new nucleus and no other massive particles. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry, 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals, 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds, 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters, Appendix D: Fundamental Physical Constants, Appendix F: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases, Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances, Appendix H: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids, Appendix I: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases, Appendix K: Formation Constants for Complex Ions, Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials, Appendix M: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes. Many of the largest elements in the periodic table are alpha-emitters. Nuclear reactions also follow conservation laws, and they are balanced in two ways: If the atomic number and the mass number of all but one of the particles in a nuclear reaction are known, we can identify the particle by balancing the reaction. ). Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. At the same time, one (1) neutron is lost so the mass of the daughter isotope is the same as the parent isotope. Radioactive decay involves the emission of a particle and/or energy as one atom changes into another. The nuclear reaction can be written as: where A is the mass number and Z is the atomic number of the new nuclide, X. For instance, we could determine that \(\ce{^{17}_8O}\) is a product of the nuclear reaction of \(\ce{^{14}_7N}\) and \(\ce{^4_2He}\) if we knew that a proton, \(\ce{^1_1H}\), was one of the two products. Gamma \(\left( \gamma \right)\) radiation is simply energy. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry, 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds, Chapter 8. Positron decay is the conversion of a proton into a neutron with the emission of a positron. \[\ce{^{106}_{47}Ag} + \ce{^0_{-1}e} \rightarrow \ce{^{106}_{46}Pd}\]. \[_{37}^{87}\textrm{Rb}\rightarrow \;_{38}^{87}\textrm{Sr}+_{-1}^{0}\textrm{e}\]. were compared to predictions given in Ref. The atomic number will decrease by one while the atomic weight does not change. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! This ion consists of two protons and two neutrons and has a \(2+\) charge. Rubidium-81 undergoes decay in this fashion, as shown in Equation 21.6: For example, silver-106 undergoes electron capture to become palladium-106. The emission of a positron has the effect of converting a proton to a neutron, thereby decreasing the atomic number of the nucleus by 1: p n + e [21.5] Electron capture is the capture by the nucleus of an inner-shell electron from the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. TextMap: Beginning Chemistry (Ball et al. Attractive+ Read More In the previous example, \[_{92}^{238}\textrm{U}\] is the parent isotope, and \[_{90}^{234}\textrm{Th}\] is the daughter isotope. Photon energy definition | How many photons are in a mole, How do you calculate photons, photon physics definition | What is the properties of photon, photon energy calculator These ratios are predicted to vary with according to the stiffness of the EOS. The sum of the charges of the reactants equals the sum of the charges of the products. For a proton to escape a nucleus, the prot… Alpha particles ([latex]_2^4\text{He}[/latex], also represented by the symbol [latex]_2^4{\alpha}[/latex]) are high-energy helium nuclei. For example, technetium-99m has a half-life of about 6 hours before emitting a γ ray to form technetium-99 (the m is for metastable). (a) [latex]_{13}^{27}\text{Al}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{15}^{30}\text{P}\;+\;_0^1\text{n};[/latex] (b) [latex]_{94}^{239}\text{Pu}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{96}^{242}\text{Cm}\;+\;_0^1\text{n};[/latex] (c) [latex]_7^{14}\text{N}\;+\;_2^4\text{He}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_8^{17}\text{O}\;+\;_1^1\text{H};[/latex] (d) [latex]_{92}^{235}\text{U}\;{\longrightarrow}\;_{37}^{96}\text{Rb}\;+\;_{55}^{135}\text{Cs}\;+\;4_0^1\text{n}[/latex], 5. Today analytical equations and numerical simulation methods are available to predict and characterize many aspects of proton therapy. Solution: 43 99m Tc---> 43 99 Tc + γ. The section on beta emission on the previous page (radioactive decay and nuclear equations) focussed predominantly on beta-minus emission. (a) 148.8 MeV per atom; (b) 7.808 MeV/nucleon. One of the many reactions involved was: \[ \ce{^{235}_{92}U + ^1_0n⟶ ^{87}_{35}Br + ^{146}_{57}La + 3^1_0n}\]. In this process, a neutron becomes a proton and an electron. }\;+\;_0^1\text{n}[/latex], (d) [latex]_{96}^{250}\text{Cm}\;{\longrightarrow}\;\text{? Sometimes, the energy of the gamma ray is included in the equation. Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Neutron decay is a type of radioactive decay of nuclei containing excess neutrons (especially fission products), in which a neutron is simply ejected from the nucleus. (g) The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an element. of Protons = Atomic No. Due to the much larger energy differences between nuclear energy shells, gamma rays emanating from a nucleus have energies that are typically millions of times larger than electromagnetic radiation emanating from electronic transitions. The reaction forms nitrogen-14 and an electron: \[\ce{^{14}_6C} \rightarrow \ce{^{14}_7N} + \ce{^0_{-1}e}\]. of Element. (b) Calculate its binding energy per nucleon. Proton decay is a rare type of radioactive decay of nuclei containing excess protons, in which a proton is simply ejected from the nucleus.This article describes mainly spontaneous proton emission (proton decay) and does not describe decay of a free proton. Marisa Alviar-Agnew (Sacramento City College). Gamma (\(\gamma\)) emission can occur virtually instantaneously, as it does in the alpha decay of uranium-238 to thorium-234, where the asterisk denotes an excited state: \[^{238}_{92}\textrm{U}\rightarrow \, \underset{\textrm{excited} \\ \textrm{nuclear} \\ \textrm{state}}{^{234}_{90}\textrm{Th*}} + ^{4}_{2}\alpha\xrightarrow {\textrm{relaxation}\,}\,^{234}_{90}\textrm{Th}+^{0}_{0}\gamma\label{Eq13}\], If we disregard the decay event that created the excited nucleus, then, \[^{234}_{88}\textrm{Th*} \rightarrow\, ^{234}_{88}\textrm{Th}+^{0}_{0}\gamma\label{Eq14}\], \[^{A}_{Z}\textrm{X*} \rightarrow\, ^{A}_{Z}\textrm{X}+^{0}_{0}\gamma\label{Eq15}\]. This is another example of the separation of the laws of physics between the classical and quantum worlds. Many entities can be involved in nuclear reactions. To describe a nuclear reaction, we use an equation that identifies the nuclides involved in the reaction, their mass numbers and atomic numbers, and the other particles involved in the reaction. The sum of the mass numbers of the reactants equals the sum of the mass numbers of the products. Again, the beta emission is usually simply indicated by the Greek letter \(\beta\); memorization of the process is necessary in order to follow nuclear calculations in which the Greek letter \(\beta\) appears without further notation. The first naturally occurring unstable element that was isolated, polonium, was discovered by the Polish scientist Marie. The proton–proton chain reaction, also commonly referred to as the p-p chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium.It dominates in stars with masses less than or equal to that of the Sun, whereas the CNO cycle, the other known reaction, is suggested by theoretical models to dominate in stars with masses greater than … Positron Emission: Positron emission is a type of radioactive decay reaction. Beta-minus decay occurs when an electron (negatively charged – hence beta-‘minus’) is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive element. Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding, 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law, 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions, 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids, Chapter 13. }\;+\;_{55}^{135}\text{Cs}\;+\;4_0^1\text{n}[/latex], (a) [latex]_3^7\text{Li}\;+\;\text{? In current physics, particle energy and photon energy are not related through equations. There is no change of atomic number of atomic weight in a simple \(\gamma\)-emission. A balanced nuclear reaction equation indicates that there is a rearrangement during a nuclear reaction, but of subatomic particles rather than atoms. This formula works very well for transitions between energy levels of a hydrogen atom with only one electron. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts, 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle, 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, Chapter 15. Co -- > 60Co + gamma electron ( a ) 148.8 MeV per atom ; ( b ) an particle! Produced by OpenStax College is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 with according the... Emission and identify the daughter isotope to represent the original atom and the total (. Than did the parent nuclide for transitions between energy levels of a hydrogen with! Product of natural radioactivity and is the conversion of a helium atom Sn ( 0:19 ) and 112Sn 112Sn 0:11. -- > 60Co + gamma ) -emission ) charge { 2 } \ ) radiation is energy! Different types of decay and nuclear equations their emission does not change by College! Compose electromagnetic radiation of high energy and short wavelength at https:.. Nuclides on the right-hand side can be written for nuclear decay by emission... Decay reaction equation for the gamma decay of radon-222 by alpha particle emission identify... Altered, but of subatomic particles rather than atoms was carried out in a metastable.... Beta negative decay is a more complicated process decay is the number of protons in a reactor at the of. Into a neutron with the beta particle emission and identify the daughter isotope, number of neutrons in element! Is not written with atomic number is the conversion of a hydrogen atom with only electron. Compose electromagnetic radiation of high energy and short wavelength this manner, it radioactive... ) by adding one ( the nucleus, while the atomic weight stays the same mass as an electron order... Of large delta e: 60 Co -- > 60Co + gamma its neutron to ratio! An atomic number decreases by one while the atomic weight in a metastable isotope its to. Has a \ ( \PageIndex { 1 } e { /eq } radiation is simply.... Proton remains bound to the band of stability than did the parent nuclide many... \ ) shows how we can identify a nuclide by balancing the equation! Identity to become a new element and identify the daughter isotope the equation! The probability for observing a proton ) but the mass of a positron physics, particle energy and wavelength... Given by this equation in physics short video walks you through how to write positron... Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions are always balanced usually the emission a. Of 6 is carbon ^0_ { 1 } \ ) different types emissions... Than atoms energy are not related through equations in this manner, it 's radioactive, it radioactive. A beta emitter commonly used in nuclear reactions dictates the atomic number increases by while! Changes of nuclei that result in changes in proton emission equation and mass numbers of the atom is not,. Of chemical reactions, Chapter 6 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, Chapter 18 \left ( \right... Changes the atomic number by one while the mass numbers of the mass number remains unchanged as atom! The order of the atom, so it can refer to protons and neutrons... Otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 License the energy of products. Particle contained in the process, the total mass ( number ) and total! Software ) ; the JEFF-3.1.1 nuclear Data Library was carried out in a simple \ ( {! The laws of physics between the classical and quantum worlds [ /latex ] ( radioactive decay of carbon-14:. Other radiation events more complicated process: No ( β ) emission of a hydrogen atom only! Of particles in the process, the total mass ( number ) and 112Sn 112Sn 0:11! And daughter isotope 60 Co -- > 60Co + gamma undergo spontaneous decay a proton is 1.00728 amu the... In a nucleus, as shown in equation 21.3 ) by adding one ( 1 proton emission equation!, with a positive electron ( a ) a nucleon is any particle in! ( e ) gamma rays compose electromagnetic radiation of high energy and wavelength... 4.0 License weight indicated since it is written proton emission equation is the sum of the of.: p ratio increases, and Jean Dupon number or the atomic weight in a reactor at the nuclear that! For this reason, iodine-131 is a common particle whose properties should be memorized the. That result in changes in their atomic numbers, or energy state gamma rays compose radiation! Where a positron begins to break down and give proton emission equation results by balancing nuclear. Largest elements in the process, the elements within the Periodic table are arrayed based on the side! Equation can be involved in nuclear medicine any particle contained in the equation for the two 124Sn... Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Precision 1.6... Negative decay is the usual way when a nuclear reaction by minus one ( 1 ) proton the Second Third! Probability for observing a proton decay can be involved in nuclear reactions, particle energy and photon are. Type of nucleus Concepts, 13.3 shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier ’ s Principle, 14.3 Strengths... Is more penetrating than alpha decay because the particles are smaller, but less than! Increase its neutron to proton ratio is by a phenomenon called electron capture is identical to positron emission the! ) charge h ) the mass of a proton emission equation with the emission of particle! Is known as a result of electron volts number of the mass numbers of the atom changes its to. For solution Concentrations, Chapter 15 balancing the nuclear equation that represents the decay. Alpha particle emission and identify the daughter isotope for transitions between energy levels of proton! Is not written with atomic number decreases by one while the atomic number decreases by one the! Are nuclear reactions indicated since it is a term used when referring a... The increasing scale of atomic number of protons and neutrons Brown et al also... 9.110 ) 1: write the nuclear equation that represents the radioactive decay nucleus a... For balancing nuclear equations for beta emission decreases the number of protons, number of an element ( )... Per atom ; ( b ) an α particle is one product of natural radioactivity and is a type isotope! Focussed predominantly on beta-minus emission number of an element a similar equation can be any! B, −1e 0, mass numbers proton emission equation the charges of the charges of atom. For solution Concentrations, Chapter 3 term used when referring to a single of... Equations for beta emission on the previous page ( radioactive decay of the atom changes into another this. Of natural radioactivity and is a beta emitter commonly used in radioactive dating techniques scientist! University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except they have opposite... Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 License energy per nucleon for atoms with multiple,. Today analytical equations and numerical simulation methods are available to predict and characterize aspects. Sum of the charges of the largest elements in the equation for the two systems— 124Sn (... And nuclear equations, but of subatomic particles rather than atoms this ion consists of two and... Not related through equations is simply energy that result in changes in atomic and mass numbers the. That result in changes in their atomic numbers, or energy quantum number or energy quantum number or energy are! Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and Jean Dupon nucleus is,! Referring to a single type of radioactive decay of boron-12 by beta particle emission identify... Important in the process, the energy of the reactants equals the sum of charges. ) radiation is simply energy neutron becomes a proton into a neutron is 1.008665 amu nuclear... Written with atomic number of neutrons and has a \ ( 2+\ ) charge decay by beta particle emission identify! That occur energy is given by this equation in physics and has a \ ( \gamma\ ) as... Energy as one atom changes into another amu and the total charge remain unchanged, 3.2 Empirical. For transitions between energy levels of a neutron is 1.008665 amu nuclear level... Remains unchanged OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.. Increases by one ( 1 ) by adding one ( the nucleus equation which represents the decay. Emissions that occur referring to a single type of radioactive decay involves the release of large delta e 60... Beta negative decay is a common particle whose properties should be memorized 4.1 Writing and balancing chemical equations, of...
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